The historical movement associated with the statement "The whole may exceed the sum of its parts" is

Gestalt Psychology

Figures tend to be perceived as whole, complete objects, even if spaces or gaps exist in the representation, thus demonstrating the principle of

closure

The figure-ground relationship has demonstrated that

the same stimulus can trigger more than one perception

When we stare at an object, each eye receives a slightly different image, providing a depth cue known as

retinal disparity

As we move, viewed objects cast changing shapes on our retinas, although we do not perceive the objects as changing.  This is part of the phenomenon of

perceptual constancy

Which of the following is NOT a monocular depth cue?

retinal disparity

Figure is to ground as _________ is to __________.

flower; grass

The study of perception is primarily concerned with how we

interpret sensory stimuli

Which of the following influences perception?

The tendency to organize stimuli into smooth, uninterrupted patterns is called:

continuity

Which of the following statements is consistent with the Gestalt theory of perception?

The mind organizes sensations into meaningful perceptions

The phenomenon that refers to the ways in which an individual''s expectations influence perception is called:

perceptual set

According to the philosopher ______, we learn to perceive the world.

Locke

The phenomenon of size constancy is based on the close connection between an object''s perceived __________ and its perceived ___________.

Size; distance

The depth cue that occurs when we watch stable objects at different distances as we are moving is:

relative motion

Each time you see your car, it projects a different image on the retinas of your eyes, yet you do not perceive it as changing.  This is because of:

perceptual constancy

The term gestalt means

WHOLE

Studies of the visual cliff have provided evidence that much of depth perception is

innate

All of the following are laws of perceptual organization EXCEPT

retinal disparity

dot-dot      dot-dot      dot-dot


You probably perceive the diagram above as three separate objects due to the principle of

Connectedness

Although carpenter Smith perceived a briefly viewed object as a screwdriver, police officer Wesson perceived the same object as a knife.  This illustrates that perception is guided by:

perceptual set

The fact that a white object under dim illumination appears lighter than a gray object under bright illumination is called:

lightness constancy

When two familiar objects of equal size cast unequal retinal images, the object that casts the smaller retinal image will be perceived as being

more distant than the other object

Concluding her presentation on sensation and perception, Kelly notes that:

sensation and perception blend into one continuous process

AS her friend Milo walks toward her, Noriko perceives his size as remaining constant because his perceived distance ___________ at the same time that her retinal image of him ______________.

decreases; increases

In the absence of perceptual constancy

objects would appear to change size as their distance from us changed

How do we perceive a pole that partially covers a wall?

As nearer

An artist pains a tree orchard so that the parallel rows of trees converge at the top of the canvas.  Which cue has the artist used to convey distance?

linear perspective

Objects higher in our field of vision are perceived as ___________ due to the principle of _________.

farther away; relative height

Your friend tosses you a frisbee.  You know that it is getting closer instead of larger because of

shape constancy

Studying the road map before her rip, Colleen had no trouble following the route of the high-way she planned to travel.  Colleen''s ability illustrates the principle of:

Continuity

An organized whole (our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes).

Gestalt

The organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings

figure-ground

the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

grouping

the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance

depth perception

a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals

visual cliff

a binocular cue for perceiving depth: by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance - the greater the difference between the two images the closer the object

retinal disparity

depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes

binocular cues

depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone

monocular cues

perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent shapes, size, lightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images change.

perceptual constancy

perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wave-lengths reflected by the object

color constancy

in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field (like when we get a new pair of glasses)

perceptual adaptation

a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

perceptual set

The cluster of brain cells that control the circadian rhythm is the

amygdala

Compared with their counterparts of 80 years ago, teenagers today average __________ sleep each night.

2 hours less

Sleep spindles predominate during which stage of sleep?

Stage 2

During which stage of sleep does the body experience increased heart rate, rapid breathing, and genital arousal?

REM Sleep

The sleep cycle is approximately ________ minutes.

90

The effects of chronic sleep deprivation include:

All of these:

• suppression of the immune system


• altered metabolic and hormonal functioning


• impaired creativity

One effect of sleeping pills is to:

decrease REM sleep